This report highlights the precarious working conditions and vulnerability of app-based motorbike drivers in Viet Nam and their linkage with an outdated labour law framework. It not only pinpoints the problems, but also considers solutions to enhancing legal protection for platform drivers, taking into consideration regulatory innovations around the world and the unique context of Viet Nam. Data collection was undertaken between 2019 and 2023. This consisted of a quantitative survey of workers from four major ride-hailing and delivery platforms, conducted in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) between February and March 2021. From May 2019 to August 2023, the researchers also interviewed and re-interviewed  50 workers and 15 other actors, including company managers, union cadres, state officials, and labour law experts. Moreover, data for this research was drawn from observations made by the researchers and surveyors during their conversations with workers and participation in workers’ Facebook groups. Finally, the research analysed numerous documents including-among other thingsplatforms’ contracts, policies, and documents; statutory laws; administrative regulations; court judgments; government papers and reports; academic works; and newspaper articles. These documents were collected until October 2023. The authors would like to express their deep appreciation to the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) for funding this major project. We are particularly indebted to Axel Blaschke, Timo Rinke, Nguyen Thi Ha Giang, Nguyen Thanh Thuy, and Pham Hung Son for their patience, support, and valuable advice throughout the project. Our gratitude also goes to the people involved in data collection, especially the interviewees and surveyors. We appreciate Dr. Do Quynh Chi, Dr. Pham Sy Thanh, and participants in the webinar on Labour Research in Digital Platforms in Viet Nam organised by the Southern Institute of Social Sciences, FES,  and the Viet Nam Labour Research Network in October 2021 for their insightful feedback on our early work. Last, but not least, special thanks go to Laurence Newman and Simon Drought for their proofreading. All errors are ours.